Hagere Ertra
ሃገረ ኤርትራ
State of Eritrea
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Anthem
Ertra, Ertra, Ertra
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Capital
(and largest city) |
Asmara
15°20′N, 38°55′E |
| Official languages |
none at national level1 |
| Demonym |
Eritrean |
| Government |
Transitional government |
| - |
President |
Isaias Afewerki |
| Independence |
from Ethiopia |
| - |
de facto |
May 24, 1991 |
| - |
de jure |
May 24, 1993 |
| Area |
| - |
Total |
117,600 km² (100th)
45,405 sq mi |
| - |
Water (%) |
negligible |
| Population |
| - |
July 2005 estimate |
4,401,000 (118th) |
| - |
2002 census |
4,298,269 |
| - |
Density |
37/km² (165th)
96/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2005 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$4.471 billion (168th) |
| - |
Per capita |
$1,000 (214th) |
| HDI (2005) |
 0.454 (low) (157th) |
| Currency |
Nakfa (ERN) |
| Time zone |
EAT (UTC+3) |
| - |
Summer (DST) |
not observed (UTC+3) |
| Internet TLD |
.er |
| Calling code |
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| 1 |
Working languages: Tigrinya, Arabic and English [1], [2]. |
Eritrea (IPA: /ˌɛrɨˈtreɪə, ˌɛrɨˈtriːə/) (Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾĒrtrā) is a country situated in northern East Africa. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea.
Eritrea was consolidated into a colony by the Italian government on January 1, 1890.[1] Upon Italy's losses in World War II, Eritrea was ruled as a British protectorate between 1941 and 1952.[2] Following a UN plebiscite in 1950, a resolution 390 (V)[3] was adopted to have Eritrea enter into a federation with Ethiopia in 1952. Emperor Haile Selassie I, nevertheless annexed Eritrea as Ethiopia's 14th province in 1961 sparking the 30-year war that lasted from 1961 to 1991. Following a UN supervised referendum called UNOVER Eritrea declared- and gained international recognition for its independence in 1993.[4] Eritrea's constitution, adopted in 1997, stipulates that the state is a presidential republic with a unicameral parliamentary democracy. The constitution, however, has not yet been implemented fully due to, according to the government, the prevailing border conflict with Ethiopia which began in May 1998.
Eritrea is a multilingual and multicultural country with two dominant religions (Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Sunni Islam) and nine ethnic groups. The country has no official language, but it has three working languages: Tigrinya, Arabic and English. Amharic and Italian are also widely spoken amongst the older generations.[5]
History
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- List of Eritrea-related topics
References
- ^ Killion, Tom (1998). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. .
- ^ http://www.statoids.com/uer.html
- ^ a b General Assembly Resolutions 5th Session. United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
- ^ Eritrea – The spreading revolution. Encyclopædia Britannica Article. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
- ^ "Country Profile:EritreaPDF (128 KiB). Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 July 2006
- ^ Abbate, Ernesto; Albianelli, Andrea; Azzaroli, Augusto; Benvenuti, Marco; Tesfamariam, Berhane; Bruni, Piero; Cipriani, Nicola; Clarke, Ronald J.; Ficcarelli, Giovanni; Macchiarelli, Roberto; Napoleone, Giovanni; Papini, Mauro; Rook, Lorenzo; Sagri, Mario; Tecle, Tewelde Medhin; Torre, Danilo; Villa, Igor (4 June 1998). "A one-million-year-old Homo cranium from the Danakil (Afar) Depression of Eritrea". Nature 393: 458-460.
- ^ Out of Africa (1999-09-10). Retrieved on 2006-10-02.
- ^ Fattovich, Rodolfo. "The development of urbanism in the northern Horn of Africa in ancient and medieval times" (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-10-24.
- ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991, pp.57.
- ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270-1527 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp.5-13.
- ^ http://american.edu/ted/ice/eritrea.htm
- ^ Daniel Kendie, The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941 – 2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle (United States of America: Signature Book Printing, 2005), pp. 17-8.
- ^ Daniel Kendie, The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict
- ^ Dennis J. Duncanson Sir'at 'Adkeme Milga'. A Native Law Code of Eritrea
- ^ a b Eritrea – Contesting for the coastlands. Encyclopædia Britannica Article. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
- ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/2000/06/10/edold.t_11.php
- ^ Semere Haile The Origins and Demise of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation Issue: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 15, 1987 (1987), pp. 9-17
- ^ Killion, Tom (1998). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. .
- ^ Worthington, Peter. "Needless war engulfs a unique African oasis", Toronto Sun.
- ^ http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576168_2/Eritrea.html
- ^ http://www.dehai.org/conflict/history/birth_of_a_nation.htm#Referendum_Results
- ^ http://www.shaebia.org/wwwboard/messages/227.html
- ^ http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1111.html
- ^ http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin_5399b.html
- ^ http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/051210/2005121017.html
- ^ http://allafrica.com/stories/200705040041.html
- ^ http://library2.lawschool.cornell.edu/pca/ER-YEchap1.htm
- ^ http://www.dehai.org/conflict/home.htm?events.htm
- ^ http://nationsencyclopedia.com/World-Leaders-2003/Djibouti-FOREIGN-POLICY.html
- ^ Interview of Mr. Yemane Gebremeskel, Director of the Office of the President of Eritrea. PFDJ (2004-04-01). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ How Eritrea fell out with the west. BBC (2007-09-11). Retrieved on 2007-09-12.
- ^ Eritrea-Sudan relations plummet. BBC (2004-01-15). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Turabi terms USA "world's ignoramuses", fears Sudan's partition. Sudan Tribune (2005-11-04). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Sudan demands Eritrean mediation with eastern Sudan rebels. Sudan Tribune (2006-04-18). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Flights back on between Yemen and Eritrea. BBC (1998-12-13). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Q&A: Horn's bitter border war. BBC (2005-12-07). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Horn tensions trigger UN warning. BBC (2004-02-04). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Army build-up near Horn frontier. BBC (2005-11-02). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Horn border tense before deadline. BBC (2005-12-23). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ "U.N.: Eritrea giving arms to Somalis tied to al Qaeda". CNN (2007-07-26). Retrieved on 2007-08-04.
- ^ Accounts of rebels in Eritrea
- ^ Eritrea's role in Sudan criticized by America
- ^ "US considers terror label for Eritrea", Guardian Unlimited, August 17, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
- ^ The rediscovery of Eritrea's elephants. BBC Wildlife Magazine (July 2003). Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
- ^ Economy - overview. CIA (2006-06-6). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Aid sought for Eritrean recovery. BBC (2001-02-22). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ Alders, Anne. the Rashaida. Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- ^ (2005) Baseline Study on Livelihood Systems in Eritrea. National Food Information System of Eritrea.
- ^ Kifle, Temesgen (2002). Educational Gender Gap in Eritrea.
- ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Eritrea Country Profile. Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses (2007-07-01). Retrieved on 2007-08-07.
- ^ Asmara's last Jew recalls 'good old days'. BBC (2006-04-30). Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
- ^ Eritrea's last native Jew tends graves, remembers. Y Net News (2006-05-02). Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
Further reading
- Ancient Ethiopia, David W. Phillipson (1998)
- Cliffe, Lionel; Connell, Dan; Davidson, Basil (2005), Taking on the Superpowers: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1976-1982). Red Sea Press,
- Cliffe, Lionel & Davidson, Basil (1988), The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace. Spokesman Press,
- Connell, Dan (1997), Against All Odds: A Chronicle of the Eritrean Revolution With a New Afterword on the Postwar Transition. Red Sea Press,
- Connell, Dan (2001), Rethinking Revolution: New Strategies for Democracy & Social Justice : The Experiences of Eritrea, South Africa, Palestine & Nicaragua. Red Sea Press,
- Connell, Dan (2004), Conversations with Eritrean Political Prisoners. Red Sea Press,
- Connell, Dan (2005), Building a New Nation: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1983-2002). Red Sea Press,
- Daniel Kendie (2005), The Five Dimensions Of The Eritrean Conflict 1941 - 2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. Signature Book Printing,
- Firebrace, James & Holand, Stuart (1985), Never Kneel Down: Drought, Development and Liberation in Eritrea. Red Sea Press,
- Jordan Gebre-Medhin (1989), Peasants and Nationalism in Eritrea. Red Sea Press,
- (2002), ''. Little, Brown,
- Iyob, Ruth (1997), The Eritrean Struggle for Independence : Domination, Resistance, Nationalism, 1941-1993. Cambridge University Press,
- Jacquin-Berdal, Dominique; Plaut, Martin (2004), Unfinished Business: Ethiopia and Eritrea at War. Red Sea Press,
- Johns, Michael (1992), "Does Democracy Have a Chance", Congressional Record, May 6, 1992
- Keneally, Thomas (1990), "To Asmara"
- Killion, Tom (1998), Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press,
- Wrong, Michela (2005), I Didn't Do It For You: how the world betrayed a small African Nation. Harper Collins,
- Ogbaselassie, G (2006-01-10). Response to remarks by Mr. David Triesman, Britain's parliamentary under-secretary of state with responsibility for Africa. Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- Pateman, Roy (1998), Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning. Red Sea Press,
- Rena, Ravinder (2006-01-12). Student-Centered Education is the Best Way of Learning. Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
- Eritrea-Ethiopia versus western nations (2005-12-09). Retrieved on 2006-06-07.
External links
Government
Other
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Eritrea 
